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欧盟&中国:战略展望

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欧盟&中国:战略展望

 

 I.

 Introdu ction The European Union (E U)

 and China are linked by an enduring relationship. They are tw o of the three large st

 economie s

 and trade rs

  in the

 wor ld. China

 is

 now

 the EU"s

  se cond- bigge st

  trading

 partner

 behind

 the

 United

 S tate s

  and

 the

 EU

  is

  China" s

  bigge st

  trading partner 1 . Both sides

 are committed to a comprehensive stra tegic partnership, a s

 expre ssed in the EU-Chin a 2020 Strategic A ge nd a for Coop erat ion 2 .

 Ye t

 there

 is

  a

 gr owin g

 app reciation

 in

  E u r op e

 that

 the

  balance

 of

 ch alle n ge s

  and opp or tunities

  p re sented

  b y

 Chin a

 has

  shifted .

 In

 the

 last

  decade,

 China" s

  economic power and political influence have gro wn

 with unprecedented sc ale and speed, reflecting it s

 ambiti ons

 to become a leading global power.

 China

 can

 no

 longer

 be

 regarded

 a s

  a

 developing

 country.

 It

 is

  a

 key

 global

 actor

 and leading

 technological

 po wer.

 Its

  increa sin g

 pre se nce

 in

 the

 world,

 including

 in

 Europe, should

  be

  accompanied

  by

  greater

  responsi bilit ies

 for

  upholding

  the

  rule s-bas ed international order, a s

 w ell a s

 greater reciprocity, non-discrimination, and openne ss

 of it s system. China’s publicly stated reform ambiti ons

 should translate into policie s

 or acti ons commensurate w ith i ts

 role and re sponsi bility.

 T h e 2016 Strategy on

 Chin a 3

 rem ains

 the

 cor n er stone

 of E U

 e n gageme nt , providing the basis

 for delivering a further E U

 policy shift towa rds

 a more reali sti c, a sser tive, and multi-faceted approach 4 . This will

 ensure that relati ons

 with thi s

 stra tegic partner are se t on a fair, balanced and mutually beneficial cou rse .

 China is,

 sim ultaneously, in different policy area s,

 a cooperation partner with whom the EU

 ha s

 closely aligned objective s,

 a negotiating partner with whom the EU

 nee ds

 to find a balance

 of

 intere sts ,

 an

 economic

 competitor

 in

 the

 pursuit

 of

 technological

 leadership, and a s ystemic rival promoting alternative model s

 of governance. This require s

 a flexible and

 pragmatic

 whole-of- EU

  approach

 enabling

 a

 principled

 defence

 of

 intere sts

  and values.

  The

  tool s

 and

  modalit ies

 of

  EU

 engagement

  with

  China

  should

  a lso

 be differentiated depending on the iss ue s

 and polic ies

 at stake. The EU

 should use

 linkage s ac ross

 different policy area s

 and se c tors

 in order to exert more leverage in pursuit of it s objective s.

  The EU’s response should be based on three objectives:  Ba se d

 on

 clearly

 defined

 intere sts

  and

 principles,

 the

 EU

  should

 deepen

 it s engagement with China to promote common intere sts

 at global level.  The EU

 should robustly se ek more balanced and reciprocal conditions governing the economic relationship.

 1

  In

 2017,

 the

 EU

 was

 China’s

 largest

 partner

 with

 a

 share

 of

 13%

 of

 imports

 of

 goods

 in

 China

 (EUR

 217 billion)

 and

 a

 share

 of

 16%

 of

 exports

 of

 goods

 from

 China

 (EUR

 332

 billion).

 In

 the

 same

 year,

 China

 had

 a share

 of

 11

 %

 in

 extra-EU

 exports

 of

 goods

 (EUR

 198

 billion)

 and

 in

 extra-EU

 imports

 of

 goods

 China

 was the

 largest

 partner

 with

 a

 share

 of

 20

 %

 (EUR

 375

 billion).

 2

  EU-China

 2020

 Strategic

 Agenda

 for

 Cooperation,

 2013.

 3

  Joint

 Communication

 to

 the

 European

 Parliament

 and

 the

 Council

  –

 Elements

 for

 a

 new

 EU

 strategy

 on China’,

 JOIN(2016)

 30,

 22.06.2016,

 and

 Council

 Conclusions

 on

 EU

 Strategy

 on

 China

 of

 18

 July

 2016.

 4

  The

 EU

 continues

 to

 adhere

 to

 its

 "One

 China

 Policy".

 The

 EU

 confirms

 its

 commitment

 to

 continuing

 to develop

  its

  relations

  with

  Taiwan

  and

  to

  supporting

  the

  shared

  values

  underpinning

  its

  system

  of governance,

 as

 set

 out

 in

 the

 2016

 EU

 Strategy

 on

 China.

  F inally, in order to maintain it s

 prosperity, value s

 and social model over the long term,

 there

 are

 area s

  w here

 the

 EU

  it self

 needs

  to

 adapt

 to

 changing

 economic realitie s

 and stre ngthen it s

 own dome sti c polic ies

 and industrial ba se .

 F inding

 the

 right

 balance

 of

 policy

 approache s

  is

  a

 political

 judgement,

 requiring

 the attention of the European Council.

 Ne ither the EU

 nor any of it s

 Member S tate s

 can effectively achieve their ai ms

 with China without

 f u ll

 unity.

 In

 cooperating

 with

 China,

 all

 Memb er

 States,

  ind ivi du ally

 and within

 sub-regional

  cooperation

  framew or ks ,

  such

  a s

 the

  16+1

  format 5 ,

  have

  a re sponsi bility to ensure consistency with EU

 la w,

 rule s

 and polic ies.

  This

  J oint

  Communication

  a ssesses

 the

  multiple

  dimension s

 of

  our

  relations,

  it s opportunitie s

  and

 it s

  challenge s

  and

 sets

  out

 10

 con crete

 ac tions

  for

 discussi on

 and endorsement by the European Council.

 II.

 Cooperatin g with

 Chin a to supp ort effective multilaterali sm

 and

 f ight

 climate c han ge The EU

 is

 committed to engaging with China to uph ol d

 the

 r ules-based

 internation al or d er.

 China

 ha s

  expre ssed

  it s

  commitment

 to

 a

 fair

 and

 equitable

 global

 governance model. At

 the sa me time, China" s

 engagement in favour of multilaterali sm

 is

 sometimes se lective

 and

 ba se d

 on

 a

 different

 unde rsta nding

 of

 the

 rule s-base d

 international

 order. While China ha s

 often repeated it s

 legitimate reque st

 for reforming global governance to give greater participation and dec isi on-making p ower

 to emerging economie s,

 it ha s

 not a lwa y s

  been

 will ing

 to

 accept

 ne w

  rule s

  reflecting

 the

 re sponsi bility and

 accountability that

 come

 with

 it s

  increa se d

 role.

 S electively

 upholding

 some

 norms

 at

 the

 expe nse

  of other s

 we ake ns

 the sust ainability of the rule s-base d international order.

 The EU

 is

 committed to supporting effective m u ltilaterali sm with the Un ited Na ti ons

 at it s

 core. As

 a permanent member of the United N ati ons

 S ecurity Council and a beneficiary of the multilateral s y ste m, China ha s

 the respon sibi lity to support all three pillar s

 of the United N ations, namely Human Rig hts,

 P eace and S ecurity, and De velopment. The ability of EU

 and China to e n gage effectively on

 human

 r ights

 will

 be an important mea sure

 of the quality of the bilateral relationship. The EU

 acknowledge s

 China" s

 progre ss in economic and so cial rig hts.

 How ever, in other re spe c ts,

 the human rights sit uation in China

 is

  deteriorating,

 notably

 in

 Xinjiang

 and

 regarding

 civil

 and

 political

 rig hts,

  a s witnesse d

 by

 the

 continuing

 crackdo wn

  on

 human

 rig hts

  la w ye rs

  and

 defende rs.

  The human

 rig hts

  of

 EU

  and

 other

 foreign

 citize ns

  in

 China

 must

 be

 protected.

 The

 high degree of autonomy e nsh rined in the Hong Kong Ba sic

 La w

 nee ds

 to be respected. T h e

 E U"s

  and

  Chin a" s

  sh are d

  commitme nts

  and

  interest

  in

  glo b al

 sustainab le d eve lopment

  and

 the

 2030

  Agend a

  pre se nt

  opportunitie s

 for

  closer

  cooperation, including in third countrie s.

 There is

 a real need to partner up and deliver the sig nificant resource s

 needed

  to

  achieve

  the

  Sustainable

  Development

  Goals.

  Given

  China’s significant investment in partner countries,

 it should increa se

 it s

 engagement a s

 an Official De velopment

 Assis tance

 donor

 and

 a

 partner

 in

 multilateral

 fora.

 In

 thi s

  respect,

 w e should establi sh

 a dialogue, se ek s ynerg ies

 and engage further to maintain momentum on the implementation of the Sus tainable D evelopment Goals

 in third countrie s.

 5

  Also

 called

 “Cooperation

 between

 China

 and

 Central

 and

 Eastern

 European

 Countries”.

 With EU

 Member S tate s

 collectively being the large st

 contributor to the United Na ti ons peacekeeping

 budget 6 ,

 and

 China

 the

 next

 large st

  after

 the

 US,

  opportunitie s

  should

 be identified to s hare operational experience in t his

 area.

  On

 climate c han ge, China is at the same time the world’s largest carbon emitter and the large st

 investor in rene w able energy. The EU

 we lcome s

 the role of China a s

 one of the main broke rs

 of the P ari s

 Agr eement. At

 the sa me time, China is

 constructing coal-fired power

  stati ons

 in

  many

  countrie s;

 thi s

 undermine s

 the

  global

  goa ls

 of

  the

  P a ris Agr eement. China is

 a strategic partner on climate change and the clean energy transit ion, with whom we

 need to continue developing a str ong relationship, given the sheer siz e of it s

 emi ssions

 (around 27 % of the global amount), which continue to rise . Our

 partnership is

  e ssential

  for

 the

 su cce ss

  of

 global

 climate

 action,

 clean

 energy

 tra nsi tion

 effor ts

  and ocean governance. A

 commitment by China to peak it s

 emi ssions

 before 2030 would give ne w

  impe tus

  to

 fighting

 climate

 change

 in

 line

 with

 the

 P a ris

  Agreement

 and

 inspire action

 globally.

 In

 addition,

 the

 EU

  and

 China

 should

 stre ngthen

 their

 cooperation

 on sust ainable

 finance,

 to

 channel

 private

 capital

 flow s

  towa rds

  a

 more

 sust ainable

 and climate-neutral economy.

  III.

 Commitment to intern ational p eace, secu rity, a nd

 sustainab le ec onomic d eve lopment

 China is

 a stra tegic partner of the EU

 in addre ssi ng global and international challenge s.

 At the

 sa me

 time,

 se curity

 conce rns

  and

 difference s

  ex ist

  a s

  rega rds

  the

 application

 of international la w,

 the re s pect of good governance and sust ainable economic development.

 China

 ha s

  the

 capacity

 and

 the

 re sponsi bility

 to

 play

 an

 important

 role

 in

 add re ssin g regional

 se c u rity

 c h alle n ge s .

 For

 example,

 China"s

  participation

 in

 and

 support

 for the J oint

 Comprehensive

 P lan

 of

 Ac tion

 for

 Iran

 was

  a

 major

 factor

 in

 fir st

  se curing

 the agreement

 and

 now

 in

 ensuring

 it s

  full

 and

 effective

 implementation 7 .

 ...

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