Some Early Manuscripts and Illustrations Preserved in the Keru Lhakhang，Lhokha City，Tibet
XIONG Wen-bin
Abstract:Based on field investigation and previous studies，this paper makes a preliminary study on the contents，dates，themes and styles of some manuscripts and illustrations from the 9th to 14th centuries preserved in Keru Lhakang，Lhokha City，Tibet.Most of the manuscripts in the monastery are Buddhist documents，with both Exoteric and Esoteric Buddhist contents，and most were translated in the Tubo period.Some of the manuscripts also contain prayers，and their grammar，writing，and binding also preserved the characteristics of old Tibetan manuscripts in the Tubo period to varying degrees.According to two important prayers，the site of the monastery was called“vOl mo lung ring” after the demise of Tubo.In the 11th and 12th centuries，it was ruled by the descendants of bTsan-po.Lama Zhang，the founder of Tshal-pa bKav-brgyud，participated in the proofreading and approval of some of the manuscripts，and ink from Han region was also used in the writing.These records provide very precious historical materials and physical evidence for the study of the history，politics，economy，culture and exchanges with the mainland during this period.At the same time，the painted illustrations and“flank paintings” in the manuscripts are mainly about Buddhas and Bodhisattvas，and the style has obvious Pāla elements，similar to those murals popular in various monasteries in Lhasa and Shannan such as Gra-thang Monastery and Jokhang Temple in the 11th and 12th centuries.In view of the fact that there are few scroll illustrations of this period in the central area of dBus-gtsang，these illustrations not only enrich the types and forms of art in this period in this area，but also have important academic value for the study of the evolution of the art history of Tibetan manuscript illustrations.
Keywords:Keru Lhakhang；
Early manuscripts；
Illustrations；
Pāla style elements
The Appearance of New Images under the Background of Han-Tibetan Cultural Exchange—A Restudy of Tubo Buddhist Cliff in Yushu City，Qinghai Province
LU Su-wen
Abstract:In Yushu，Qinghai Province，five cliff carvings from the Tubo period have been found so far.The subject of the stone carvings in the Vairocana Buddha Hall and the Qiagang stone carvings are Vairocana Buddha and the Eight Great Bodhisattvas，Vairocana Buddha and the two Bodhisattvas，all of which are related to Vairocana.The other three stone carvings are Buddhas of the ten directions，stories of Buddha"s life，the first turning of the Dharma wheel，and the picture of worshiping Buddha.Based on the study of the Wuna Sangga stone carvings in Lebagou，Yushu and the images and Tibetan inscriptions on the west cliff of the Vairocana Buddha Hall in Beinagou，the article believes that the combination of“Vairocana+Two disciples+Buddhas in the ten directions+The Practices and Vows of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra”engraved on the west cliff of the Vairocana Buddha Hall shows the combination of Vairocana belief and Huayan belief.The combination of“Eight stages of Buddha"s progress+Samantabhadra riding an elephant+Manjusri riding a lion”is related to Fahua belief.The appearance of these two images reflects the combination of the Vairocana belief popular in the Tubo period and the Chinese Fahua and Huayan beliefs represented by Dunhuang.They are new images that emerged in the Han-Tibetan Buddhist exchanges，which provide an important example for the exchange and integration of Han-Tibetan culture in Buddhist belief.
Keywords:Yushu；
Cliff carvings；
Vairocana；
Huayan sutra；
Fahua sutra；
Han-Tibetan exchanges
The Diffusion and Development of Han-Tibetan Art in the 17th century Ladakh:Based on the Murals of Shel Monastery
WANG Chuan-bo
Abstract:Ladakh(la dwags)，located at southeast of Kashmir，plays a significant role in cross-cultural transmissions in heartland of Asia.It has formed a close relationship with Tibetan society and has gradually become an important part of the Tibetan cultural system since the Tubo period.Fruitful achievements，in aspects of humanities，history，and material heritages，were done by Western scholars since the 19thcentury，and the academic attentions are somehow inclined to rebuild the Indian and Central Asian cultural context of the earlier relics in Ladakh.While the abundant heritages of representing the cultural exchanges between Ladakh and central Tibet，as well as Central Plains are overlooked at present.Due to the political reasons and geographical restricts，Chinese scholars haven"t conducted substantive investigation or research to the material heritages of Ladakh.Based on the mural paintings in the vBrug-pa bKav-brgyud monastery in Shel Palace of the 17thcentury，and the related literatures as well，this article attempts to shed light on the diffusion and development of Han-Tibetan art in western Himalayas.
Keywords:Ladakh；
Han-Tibetan art；
vBrug-pa bKav-brgyud；
Shel monastery；
Stag-tshang ras-pa
Classification of the Styles and Appreciation of the Early Buddhist Statues in Traditional Tibetan Antiquarianism
dPal-ldan Tshe-ring
Abstract:According to historical documents，it is learned that the embryonic stage of Tibetan antiquarianism was established by the elites of the Sakya School of Tibetan Buddhism around the 11thcentury.Numerous esteemed scholars flourished during the 14thto 16thcenturies，and they helped the forming of the theory of Tibetan antiquarianism.With the integration of cultures，studies on antiquarianism gradually expanded to foreign exotic goods such as:Buddhist statues，porcelain，musical instruments，weapons，silk，paper，tea，and saddles.Many scholars have studied on those texts for the past decades，but they lack certain depth.Through three texts collected in the Potala Palace，this paper taking Buddhist statues as case studies，aims at analyzing the perception of Tibetans then on the Buddhist statues from the Central Plains，South Asia，Central Asia as well as Tibet itself.Statues from different periods，areas，and of different styles are categorized and descried from the perspective of“regional knowledge”，expecting to be helpful to the construction of antiquarianism as well as art-archeology in Tibet.
Keywords:Tibetan antiquarianism；
Buddhist statue；
Appreciation；
Ancient texts in Potala Palace
A Study on the Identities of Tibetan Monks on the South Wall of Cave 70 in Grottoes of Bingling Monastery
ZHAO Yuan
Abstract:Cave 70 in grottoes of Bingling Monastery in Yongjing，Gansu Province is one of the rebuilt caves of the Ming Dynasty with large scale and relatively intact preservation.On the east side of its south wall，there are three images of monks with ink inscriptions.By identifying these monks，such as“Rig pa seng ge” and“bSod nams bzang po”，this paper proves that they were the disciples of the Great Compassion Dharmaraja of the dGelugs Sect in the Ming Dynasty，and bSod nams bzang po was the“State Preceptor from Honghua and Xianqing Monasteries” recorded in theInscription of the Restoration of the Ancient Lingyan Monastery.Honghua Monastery，which was built by the Ming Court for the Great Compassion Dharmaraja，no longer exists.Therefore，the monks of Honghua Monastery seen in this grotto are undoubtedly an important example of studying the history of Han-Tibetan exchange in the Ming Dynasty and the spread of dGe-lugs Sect of Tibetan Buddhism around Bingling Monastery.
Keywords:Honghua Monastery of the Ming Dynasty；
Great Compassion Dharmaraja；
bSod nams bzang po；
dGe-lugs Sect
Chengdu:A Tradition of Ethnic Cooperation Lasting Two Thousand Years—The Status and Characteristics of Chengdu in Han-Tibetan Ethnic Interactions
SHI Shuo
Abstract:Chengdu has always been an important hub of Han-Tibetan ethnic interactions，and is deeply recognized and favored by the Tibetan people.This article discusses the seasonal tradition of“entering Sichuan as servants”by people in the upper reaches of the Min River since the Han Dynasty recorded in historical records.It is found that the seasonal tradition of people in the upper reaches of the Min River“entering Sichuan as servants” still existed during the period of the Republic of China，lasting for more than two thousand years.The fundamental reason is that in the traditional agricultural era，residents of the Chengdu Plain mainly relied on digging wells to obtain water，but Chengdu is an alluvial plain，and its special stratum of sand and pebbles puts forward extremely high technical requirements for masonry well walls.Ran Yiyi(the ancestors of the Jiarong Tibetans)in the upper reaches of the Min River has a tradition of building“Qionglong” (watchtowers)and superb stone masonry skills since the Han Dynasty.For more than two thousand years，they have come to Chengdu with their superb stone masonry skills engaging in the work of digging wells and building walls that“Han craftsmen could not” .This Han-Tibetan ethnic cooperation tradition，which has lasted for more than two thousand years，has not only created Chengdu"s“friendly and inclusive” character，but also made Chengdu today a city where all ethnic groups harmoniously blend and share.
Keywords:Chengdu；
Entering Sichuan as servants；
Masonry skills；
Watchtowers；
Ethnic communication
A Record of Tibet in the Xizang Jishu and Its Source
ZHAO Xin-yu
Abstract:TheXizang Jishu(The Records on Tibet)is one of the earliest local chronicles of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty，but there is still little research on it.It was written by Zhang Hai.According to its preface and a brief description like a postscript after the content，the writing process of this book can be roughly understood，and it can be asserted that the book was completed in the fourteenth year of Qianlong"s reign or from the sixth year to the third month of the fourteenth year of Qianlong"s reign.The records about Tibet in theXizang Jishuaccount for one third of the whole book，involving many aspects of Tibet，and has four characteristics，which makes the contents of this book about Tibet have noteworthy value.The writing and publication of theXizang Jishureflects the first upsurge in the development of local chronicles of Tibet under the historical background of the central government"s enhancement of governance in Tibet，the increasing exchanges between Tibet and the mainland，and the general upsurge in the compilation of local chronicles in the country.Meanwhile，it also reflects the attention paid to Tibet by officials like Zhang Hai who had travelled and worked in Tibet，and their attaching of great importance to the collection of information about Tibet.
Keywords:Zhang Hai；
Xizang Jishu；
Characteristics of the records；
Ethnography；
Local chronicles of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty
A New Analysis of the History of the Founding and Expansion of Zha lu Monastery in Tibet and the Inheritance of Its Teachings from the Perspective of Philology
Rin-chen sGrol-ma，bsTan-vdzin bKra-shis
Abstract:Supplemented with new findings from fieldwork，this paper mainly draws on primary Tibetan sources such as theJo bo lcevi gdung rabs(History of the Jo bo lce Lineage)，etc.It examines the establishment and earlier operation of the Zha lu monastery，the marriage alliance between the lCe family and the vK-hon family of the Sakya sect during the Yuan period，the presents bestowed on and extraordinary courtesies paid to the Zha lu monastery by the Yuan Central Government and the local Sakya authorities，the renovations and expansions of the Zha lu monastery by the Zha lu myriarch(khri dpon)，the system of learning scriptures and engaging in practice as well as the lineage transmission of the Zha lu monastery.It also focuses on some relevant questions，including the large-scale expansions and renovations of the Zha lu monastery by the Zha lu myriarch Grags pa rgyal mtshan and his son，the construction of the Han-Tibetan style buildings as well as the painting of the multi-styled murals of the Zha lu monastery during the Yuan period.The paper further recounts after the Buddhist master Bu ston Rin chen grub became the abbot of the Zha lu monastery，through a series of measures such as establishing the Advanced College of Philosophy(bshad grwa)，establishing his own religious school，designing the content of the murals and writing Buddhist classics，he laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of religion，culture and art of the Zha lu monastery.Meanwhile，the formation of the architectural style of the Zha lu monastery，the characteristics of the spread of Buddhist culture，and the formation of the monastery management mechanism also reflect the historical facts of the exchanges and integration between Tibet and other places and ethnic groups including the mainland.
Keywords:Zha lu monastery；
lCe family；
Extension of the monastery；
Inheritance of teachings
On the Process of Collating and Engraving for the Xylographs of Bu ston gsung vbum and the Lhasa Version of bKav vgyur and Discussion on the Related Tibetan Historical Archives
rDo-sbis Tshe-ring-rgyal
Abstract:Under the arrangement and organization of the thirteenth Dalai Lama Thub-bstan rGya-mtsho(1876-1933)，the project of collating and engraving for the xylographs of theBu ston gsung vbumand the Lhasa version ofbKav vgyurwas implemented from 1918 to 1927，edited into 28 volumes and 100 volumes respectively.The printing institute called“Treasure House of Snow-covered Land” was specially established on the west side of the Potala Palace in 1926，and it mainly collected and preserved all wood blocks of the above two Buddhist classics.It stated printing the works of Tibetan Buddhist master Bu-ston Rin-chen-grub(1290-1364)(including the works of his disciple sGra-tshad-pa Rin-chen rNam-rgyal，1318-1388)andbKav vgyur，which circulated widely，and became a grand feat of the religious and cultural undertakings in Tibet during the period of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama.However，apart from the brief and sporadic expositions in the biographies such as theBiography of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama:Wonderful Jewelry Stringwritten by Phurlcog Thub bstan byams pa tshul khrims bstan vdzin in 1940，so far there are few special discussions on this.Based on the relevant Tibetan historical archives now preserved in the Tibet Autonomous Region Archives，it combined with the relevant records of biographies and other Tibetan literatures，combed and analyzed the specific details of the newly engraved and collated xylographs ofBu ston gsung vbumandbKav vgyur，such as the time，process，main participants，salary and money expenditure，number of wood carvings and their materials，etc.
Keywords:Lhasa version；
Bu ston gsung vbum；
bKav vgyur；
Collating and engraving for xylograph
③在开始学习阅读或识字的阶段，阅读很容易走神，可能需要手指帮忙才能顺利地开始阅读，并且在开始阅读很长时间以后还是不能摆脱这种习惯。
The Textual Research of“Qing Xun” and“Bi Jian” of Ambans in the Qing Dynasty
BAI Li-na
Abstract:When ambans worked with their superiors，colleagues，subordinates and management objects，there were some regulations and etiquettes，which formed the communication mechanism for ambans.The communication mechanism for ambans played an important role in smoothing the communication between ambans and the relevant groups，highlighting the status of ambans，ensuring the performance of duties of ambans，and declaring the central government"s sovereignty over Tibet.When ambans took or left office，they were all ordered to have audience with the Qing emperors.The rules about the audiences referred above were a way of sending messages between the ambans and the Qing emperors，and it was not created for the ambans，but was given some characteristics by the ambans when implemented.The paper analyzes the development history，implementation，significance and effect of the two rules，and concludes that to some extent they played a practical and effective role for Qing emperors and government to effectively understand the situation in Tibet，give orders in person and guide the governing of Tibet.Furthermore，it also fully reflected the high attention by the central government of Qing to Tibet.
Keywords:Qing Dynasty；
Ambans；
Communication mechanism；
Qing Xun；
Bi Jian
A Study on the Inscription of Zhang Sangs-rgyas rDo-rje"s Tombstone
bSod-nams rDo-rje
Abstract:Guo shiSangs-rgyas rDo-rje was a famous Tibetan Buddhist monk lived from the tenth year of Zhengtong(1445)to the seventh year of Zhengde(1512)of the Ming Dynasty.In the Chenghua and Hongzhi years of the Ming Dynasty，he was granted the title ofGuo shi.His life played an important role in strengthening the connection between the central government and Tibet of the Ming Dynasty，the development of Tibetan Buddhism in the mainland，and the implementation of the policy of governing Tibet in the early Ming Dynasty.After his death，in October of the seventh year of Zhengde，the inscription of Zhang Sangs-rgyas rDorje"s tombstone was written by Dong Qi，transcribed by Wang Lun，and erected by his disciple rDo-rje rGyalmtshan.The inscription is a relatively comprehensive record of his life.In addition，the related inscriptions scattered in the Wutai Mountain also record some social activities of Sangs-rgyas rDo-rje.The mutual confirmation of these inscriptions has important historical value for the textual research on Sangs-rgyas rDo-rje"s personal deeds，as well as the history of the relationship between the central government and Tibet in the early Ming Dynasty，the activities of Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing and Wutai Mountain，and the management system of Tibetan monks in the Ming Dynasty.
Keywords:Sangs-rgyas rDo-rje；
Inscription；
Longshan Temple
From Zhangzhung to Tubo:The Climate Change and the Eastward Shift of the Civilization Center of Tibet
XU Ruo-bing
Abstract:The resonance relationship between the climate change of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in historical period and the rise and fall of the Zhangzhung and Tubo regimes，the movement of people，and the transfer of the civilization center of Tibet.The regional differences in climate change provided a time and space field for the continuous and eastward development of Tibetan civilization.Before the 4th century AD，the warm and humid climate in the western part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau gave birth to the early Tibetan civilization represented by Zhangzhung.From the 4th to the 7th centuries，the climate of western Tibet fluctuated violently and gradually became cold and arid.On the one hand，the ancient Zhangzhung people were forced to migrate to the east and south of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to seek new living space.On the other hand，it weakened the economic foundation of the mixed farming and animal husbandry of the Zhangzhung regime and led to its decline.As the southern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ushered in a warm period after the 6th century，settled agriculture in the Yalong Valley flourished.The Tubo tribe took this opportunity to rise and annex the regimes of Sumpa and Zhangzhung and established the Tubo Dynasty.The civilization center of Tibet moved eastward from the mNgav-ris region in western Tibet to the Yarlung Zangbo River basin.The rise and fall of the regime in Tibet during the historical period and its eastward development trend are the result of the combined forces and comprehensive effects of natural and social factors.
Keywords:Zhangzhung；
Tubo；
Civilization of Tibet；
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau；
Climate change
SUN Shu-xue，ZHANG Sheng-jie，ZHANG Shu-tian，XIN You-qing
Abstract:“Team-based” assistance is a new mode for medical talents assistance to Tibet，a new exploration to promote the development of public hospitals in Tibet.This paper analyzes the key mechanisms established by Beijing municipal hospitals in the past seven years，including discipline construction，personnel training，infrastructure construction，internal management，promoting reform and innovation，and cultural inheritance.The main achievements of“team-based” assistance are summarized，including leap-forward construction of key disciplines，breakthrough in medical service capacity，continuous and steady improvement in operation，more scientific and efficient hospital management，and gradual formation of medical talents team.This paper also puts forward policy suggestions on the“team-based” medical talents assistance.The experience of Beijing municipal hospitals assisting to Lhasa People"s Hospital has provided a replicable successful case for“teambased”medical talents assistance in supporting the construction and development of public hospitals in Tibet.
Keywords:“Team-based” assistance；
Medical talents；
Implementation mechanism；
Implementation efficiency of aid to Tibet
Ecological Cooperatives:A Study on the Sustainable Development of Rural Tibet
vPhrin-las dBang-mo，Tshe-ring Phan-thogs
Abstract:Based on a field survey of Village C，this paper analyzes the sustainable path of rural revitalization in this village，i.e.，the“ecological cooperative” model.After field investigation，it was found that the model is led by the grass-roots government，which incorporates ecological protection and sustainable economic development into the scope of rural revitalization，establishing an economic development model of“Party organizations+cooperatives+farmers and herdsmen.” Specifically，through government projects to support local ecological protection，garbage classification and exchange incentive model，ecological fuel processing，agricultural product processing and other specific ways，so that local people have the opportunity to participate in“ecological cooperatives” and receive economic benefit.This model in Village C not only brings actual economic income to the residents of Village C，but also provides direct experience for consolidating the victory of poverty alleviation in remote areas of Tibet.
Keywords:Rural revitalization；
Ecological poverty alleviation；
Ecological cooperatives；
Tibet
Analysis on the Coordinated Development of County Economy under the New Development Pattern of Tibet
DING Sai，WANG Xin-miao
Abstract:Counties of Tibet Autonomous Region are the most population densified regions.Based on the per capita GDP of counties in Tibet and the general public budget revenue and expenditure data of each county from 2013 to 2019，this paper analyzes and discusses the economic development status，financial revenue and expenditure level and the imbalance of county economic development of six types of counties，among these are agricultural counties，animal husbandry counties，semi agricultural and semi pastoral counties，grain base counties，border counties，three rivers counties，and seven prefecture level cities.The main conclusions are as follows:first，the overall level of county economic development is relatively low，and the gap with the level of the whole region has widened slightly.There are obvious differences in the level of economic development between different types of counties and counties in different cities.Second，the fiscal growth of counties is generally insufficient.Financial revenue and expenditure situation differs in different types of counties and counties in different cities.Third，the imbalance of county economic development in Tibet is not high，however，the degree of imbalance expanded slightly from 2013 to 2019，and the imbalance between counties mainly comes from imbalance within different types of counties.The data analysis of this article can provide data support and theoretical basis for the coordinated development of Tibet"s county economy under the new development pattern.
Keywords:Per capita GDP；
County economy；
Coordinated development；
Uneven development
The Linguistic Diversity in Tibet and Its Classification
JIANG Di
Abstract:This article describes the linguistic phenomenon of diversity in Tibet and attempts to classify languages in Tibet through an automatic computer clustering method，using the coding and assignment method of editing distance calculation，as well as the clustering algorithm and tree graphic presentation.This paper collects the Tibetan language and dialects in Tibet，as well as the non-Tibetan languages of Monpa，Lhoba，Deng and other ethnic groups，including some local languages that are not yet identified，with a total of 49 categories.The experimental results are as follows:there are Tibetan and non-Tibetan(Tibeto-Burman)languages in Tibet Autonomous Region.Tibetan language includes the traditionally classified dialects，namely，the dBus-gtsang and Khams dialects，and the dBus-gtsang dialect can be subdivided into dBus，gTsang，mNgav-ris and southern subdialects.The Tibeto-Burman language includes the Monpa and Lhoba languages，the Yidu-family languages，and the local languages of unknown origin in eastern and south-eastern Tibet.Compared with the traditional classification，the machine-automated classification in this paper is quite refine and reasonable，and the reliability is very high.
Keywords:Tibet；
Linguistic diversity；
Edit distance；
Automatic classification
A Study on the Tibetan Ethnic Groups and Tibetan Dialects of Nepal
ZHANG Si-hong，XIE Li-li
Abstract:Nepal is an important neighbor of China where there live scores of Tibetan ethnic groups，who share the same origin with the Tibetan ethnic group of China.Tibetan ethnic groups of Nepal maintain close contacts with the Tibetan ethnic group of China in religion，trade and other aspects since ancient times.There are 19 kinds of Tibetan dialects used by them.These dialects not only share areal universality，but also show individual differences.They all demonstrate considerable similarities to the Lhasa dialect of Tibetan language.In addition，these dialects retain most characteristics of the ancient Tibetan while they have also evolved with new features over time.However，the majority of them are in danger.With investigation and study of Tibetan ethnic groups of Nepal and their dialects，it will help deepen the understanding of the Tibetan ethnic groups in Nepal and their Tibetan dialects，strengthen relevant academic research and cultural exchanges，enhance the friendship between the people of China and Nepal，and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
Keywords:Nepal；
Tibetan ethnic groups；
Tibetan dialects
A Study on the Chinese-Tibetan Translation in the Dajianlu Yiyu
Zla-ba sGrol-ma
Abstract:Dajianlu Yiyuis one of the Chinese-Tibetan glossaries compiled during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty.There are different versions now collected in Otani University of Japan，Peking University Library and the Palace Museum.Based on the Chinese and Tibetan historical documents and fieldwork corpus，and the vocabulary collected by the Palace Museum and compiled by Nie Hongyin and Sun Bojun，this paper proofread and explained the entries with deviation and translation errors in the Chinese-Tibetan translation of sound and meaning inDajianlu Yiyu，and statistically analyzed the five types of translation and their proportions.Finally，it analyzes the reasons for the similarities and differences in Chinese-Tibetan lexical forms from the aspects of vocabulary survey，cultural and educational background and identity cognition of the speakers.It is hoped to provide help for the understanding of the historical development of Chinese and Tibetan phonetics and Chinese-Tibetan translation in Dajianlu area of the Qing Dynasty.
Keywords:Dajianlu Yiyu；
Chinese-Tibetan translation；
Proofreading；
History of Chinese and Tibetan phonetics
On the Same Manuscript System of the Guide Version of Gesar and the Plot Variation Characteristics of Its Chinese Translation
LI Lian-rong
Abstract:Because of its earliest discovery and complete Chinese translation，theGuide Version of Gesaris of great significance in the academic history ofGesarin China.Since the original Tibetan text is scattered and only the Chinese translation exists，scholars hold two attitudes towards the plot of the Chinese translation:doubt and complete affirmation.The author refers to several Tibetan manuscripts that are closely related to the text and“belonging to the same manuscript system”，and attempts to analyze the variation characteristic of the Chinese translation in terms of plot content and its influence in the academic circles.The author believes that the Chinese translation maximized the ability of artist dPal rgyal to“interpret” and“add” in terms of plot，and also left the traces of“revision” by Wang Yinuan according to the needs of the times and research results.However，in terms of the whole of the“belonging to the same manuscript system”，they not only hint at the characteristics of the era in which the manuscripts were formed，but also reflect the characteristics of local cultural interaction in the inheritance of manuscripts.
Keywords:Gesar；
Guide version；
Belonging to the same manuscript system；
Plot variation